1、flush redo
ALTER SYSTEM FLUSH REDO TO target_db_name;
Note:1)11g新加功能，如果不是11g的data gurad 则直接跳至步骤2
2)只要主库能启动到mount状态，那么Flush 就可以把没有发送的归档和current online redo 发送到备库，如果Flush成功，数据不会丢失，执行步骤2

2、检查Gap
select thread#, low_sequence#, high_sequence# from v$archive_gap;
如果有，将对应的归档文件copy到备库，在注册它
alter database register physical logfile ‘filespec1’;
检查是否存在gap，如果无记录，继续执行步骤3，否则再尝试，确实不行，则执行步骤6

3、Stop Redo Apply
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;

4、Finish Apply
1）在oracle 10gR2 或之后的版本：如果在备用库上有备用库日志文件
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE FINISH [force|wait|nowait];
Note:在执行这个命令的时候，如果主库和备库之间的网络中断了。 那么备库的RFS进程就会等待网络的连接，直到TCP超时。 因此在这种情况下，就需要加上Foce 关键字
2)在oracle 10gR2之前的版本：没有备库日志文件
alter database recover managed standby database finish skip standby logfile;
Note:如果执行了这条命令，就不能在进行recover standby database;

5、将备库切换成主库
SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY [WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN];
Note：当我们正常切换的时候，如果提示我们需要介质恢复的时候执行，则执行步骤6，否则执行步骤7

6、强行切换（激活）
1）查找主库最后归档日志
SELECT UNIQUE THREAD# AS THREAD, MAX(SEQUENCE#)
OVER (PARTITION BY thread#) AS LAST from V$ARCHIVED_LOG;
2）注册最近归档日志
ALTER DATABASE REGISTER PHYSICAL LOGFILE ‘filespec1’;
3）将主库的所有online redo copy到备库
4）Stop Redo Apply
alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
5）恢复备库
recover standby database until cancel;
Note:手工输入online redo尝试
6）激活备库
alter database activate standby database;

7、重启数据库
shutdown immediate;
startup

一、主库
查看当前数据库状态
select database_role,switchover_status from v$database;

当switchover_status为SESSIONS ACTIVE时
alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
否则执行
alter database commit to switchover to physical standby;

切换成功关闭数据库
shutdown immediate;

startup mount;
note：11g 可以直接置于 read only 使用命令startup

开启实时应用
alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;

恢复备库未利用日志
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

二、备库
查看当前数据库状态
select database_role,switchover_status from v$database;

如果是switchover_status为recovery needed或switchover latent 恢复数据库
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

切换数据库
alter database commit to switchover to primary with session shutdown;

开启数据库
startup

–查询除自己进程外的其他进程，并kill掉

SELECT 'kill -9 '||p.spid,'alter system kill session '''||v.sid||','||v.SERIAL#||''''
FROM V$SESSION v ,v$process p  
WHERE v.TYPE = 'USER' 
AND v.SID <> (SELECT DISTINCT SID FROM V$MYSTAT) 
AND v.paddr=p.addr;

三、补充11g官方文档处理顺序和操作语句
1、主库切换
SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;
SHUTDOWN ABORT;
STARTUP MOUNT;

2、备库切换
SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

3、开启应用（新备库–原主库）
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;

一、 Preparing the Primary Database for Standby Database Creation
1、安装redhat 5.5系统和11g r2数据库，相关参数如下

2、Enable Forced Logging
2.1）查看数据库是否开启force log
select force_logging from v$database;
2.2）如果得到结果是YES，跳过2.3）
2.3）ALTER DATABASE FORCE LOGGING;

3、Enable Archiving
3.1）查看数据库是否启动归档模式
archive log list;
3.2）如果得到类此下面结果跳过步骤3.3）
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
3.3）开启归档模式
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
STARTUP MOUNT;
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

4、创建Primary Database和Standby Database的tns，确保两者能够相互tnsping通
Note：tns配置成dedicated server模式

二、Step-by-Step Instructions for Creating a Physical Standby Database
1、Create a Backup Copy of the Primary Database Datafiles
方法一、冷备份
关闭Primary Database数据库（immediate）拷贝datafile、redo、undo、temp到Standby Database位置
Note：如果确保自己有能力在没有redo、undo、temp文件的情况下恢复数据库，可以只拷贝datafile（建议全拷）
方法二、rman备份
Rman 备份，然后在Standby端恢复

2、Create a Control File for the Standby Database
ALTER DATABASE CREATE STANDBY CONTROLFILE AS ‘/tmp/control01.ctl’;
Scp /tmp/control01.ctl oracle@192.168.1.3:/u01/oradata/first/

3、Create a Parameter File for the Standby Database
3.1）Create a parameter file
CREATE PFILE=’/tmp/pfile’ FROM SPFILE;

3.2）Modify the Parameter File
3.2.1）Primary Database
first.__db_cache_size=71303168
first.__java_pool_size=4194304
first.__large_pool_size=4194304
first.__oracle_base=’/u01’#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
first.__pga_aggregate_target=121634816
first.__sga_target=192937984
first.__shared_io_pool_size=0
first.__shared_pool_size=100663296
first.__streams_pool_size=4194304
*.audit_file_dest=’/u01/admin/first/adump’
*.audit_trail=’db’
*.compatible=’11.2.0.0.0′
*.control_files=’/u01/oradata/first/control01.ctl’,
‘/u01/flash_recovery_area/first/control02.ctl’
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=’dg’
*.db_name=’first’
*.db_unique_name=’first’
*.db_recovery_file_dest=’/u01/flash_recovery_area’
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4039114752
*.diagnostic_dest=’/u01′
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=firstXDB)’
*.log_archive_config=’dg_config=(first,second)’
*.log_archive_dest_1=’LOCATION=/u01/archive valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles)
*.log_archive_dest_2=’service=second lgwr async valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=second’
*.log_archive_format=’%t_%s_%r.arc’
*.log_archive_dest_state_1=enable
*.log_archive_dest_state_2=enable
fal_server=second
*.memory_target=314572800
*.nls_language=’SIMPLIFIED CHINESE’
*.nls_territory=’CHINA’
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile=’EXCLUSIVE’
*.undo_tablespace=’UNDOTBS1′
standby_file_management=auto

3.2.2）Standby Database
second.__db_cache_size=71303168
second.__java_pool_size=4194304
second.__large_pool_size=4194304
second.__oracle_base=’/u01’#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
second.__pga_aggregate_target=121634816
second.__sga_target=192937984
second.__shared_io_pool_size=0
second.__shared_pool_size=100663296
second.__streams_pool_size=4194304
*.audit_file_dest=’/u01/admin/second/adump’
*.audit_trail=’db’
*.compatible=’11.2.0.0.0′
*.control_files=’/u01/oradata/first/control01.ctl’
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=’dg’
*.db_name=’first’
*.db_unique_name=’second’
*.db_recovery_file_dest=’/u01/flash_recovery_area’
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4039114752
*.diagnostic_dest=’/u01′
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=firstXDB)’
*.log_archive_config=’dg_config=(first,second)’
*.log_archive_dest_1=’LOCATION=/u01/archive valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=second’
*.log_archive_dest_2=’service=first lgwr async valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role)
*.log_archive_format=’%t_%s_%r.arc’
*.log_archive_dest_state_1=enable
*.log_archive_dest_state_2=enable
fal_server=first
*.memory_target=314572800
*.nls_language=’SIMPLIFIED CHINESE’
*.nls_territory=’CHINA’
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile=’EXCLUSIVE’
*.undo_tablespace=’UNDOTBS1′
standby_file_management=auto

scp /tmp/pfile oracle@192.168.1.3:/tmp/
拷贝主库密码文件到备库，确保sys密码一致
scp /u01/oracle/dbs/orapwfirst oracle@192.168.1.3:/u01/oracle/dbs/orapwsecond

4、Start the Physical Standby Database
4.1）Startup pfile=’/tmp/pfile’ mount（可以直接open，oracle会自动置于read only模式）
4.2）Add STANDBY LOGFILE
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE (‘/u01/oradata/first/slog1.rdo’) SIZE 50M;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE (‘/u01/oradata/first/slog1.rdo’) SIZE 50M;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE (‘/u01/oradata/first/slog1.rdo’) SIZE 50M;
4.3）Start Redo Apply
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;

5、Start Primary Database
Startup pfile=’/tmp/pfile’;

6、Verify the Physical Standby Database Is Performing Properly
6.1）standby database,
SELECT SEQUENCE#, FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#;
6.2）Primary Database
ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;
SELECT SEQUENCE#, FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#;
6.3）standby database
SELECT SEQUENCE#, FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#;
观察SEQUENCE#在Primary Database和standby database是否一致

7、Create Spfile
create spfile from pfile=’/tmp/pfile’;(Primary Database和standby database)