一、冷备份
1、shutdown immedate
2、copy datafile/redofile/contorfile/spfile(pfile)/pwdfile
3、startup

--备份脚本（没备份spfile/pwdfile等文件）
sqlplus / as sysdba
set feedback off heading off verify off trimspool off
set pagesize 0 linesize 200
define dir='c:\user'
define ws='c:\user\user.sql'
spool &ws
select 'host copy '||name|| ' &dir' from v$datafile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||name|| ' &dir' from v$controlfile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||name|| ' &dir' from v$tempfile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||member|| ' &dir' from v$logfile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||value' &dir' from v$parameter where name like '%spfile%';--backup spfile
spool off
shutdown immediate
@&ws
startup

二、热备份
1）备份表空间
alter tablespace tabalepsacename begin backup;
copy
alter tablespace tabalepsacename endbackup;
2)备份整个数据库
alter database begin backup;
copy
alter database end backup;

--脚本备份表空间
set feedback off heading off verify off trimspool off
set pagesize 0 linesize 200
define dir='c:\user'
define ws='c:\user\user.sql'
define ts=&tablespace
alter tablespace &ts begin backup;
spool &ws
select 'host copy '|| file_name || ' &dir' from dba_data_files where tablespace_name =UPPER('&ts');
spool off
@&ws
alter tablespace &ts end backup;
--脚本备份整个数据库
set feedback off heading off verify off trimspool off
set pagesize 0 linesize 200
define dir='c:\user'
define ws='c:\user\user.sql'
alter database begin backup;
spool &ws
select 'host copy '||name|| ' &dir' from v$datafile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||name|| ' &dir' from v$controlfile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||name|| ' &dir' from v$tempfile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||member|| ' &dir' from v$logfile order by 1;
select 'host copy '||value' &dir' from v$parameter where name like '%spfile%';--backup spfile
spool off
@&ws
alter database end backup; 

3)备份数据文件
alter datafile 4 begin backup;
copy
alter datafile 4 end backup;

三、查看backup状态
select * from v$backup;

1、查看是否归档
archive log list;

2、开启归档模式

shutdown immediate;
startup mount;
alter database archivelog;
alter database open;

3、ARCn进程的数量
alter system set log_archive_max_processes=3;（最多十个）

4、自动归档
alter system set log_archive_start=true;(10g之后默认为true)

5、停止/启动归档(10g好像不行)
ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG STOP;
alter system archive log start to ‘c:\temp’;

6、常用的归档操作
alter system archive log current ;
alter system switch logfile;

7、log_archive相关参数

alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=c:\temp mandatory reopen=500';
--mandatory必须归档成功，optional表示归档不一定要求成功
--reopen每5秒重试一次
--log_archive_dest_n最多可以配置10个，从1开始（可以是service）
Alter system set log_archive_min_succeed_dest=2;
--表示要求最少的归档成功的数目，如果mandatory大于该值，就以mandatory为准
Alter system set log_archive_dest_state_3=defer;
--defer表示延迟启用，enable表示启用

1、设置mttr（两次故障时间间隔）
fast_start_mttr_target=300

2、通过设置checkpoint相关参数
log_checkpoint_interval（checkpoint发生的块数）
log_checkpoint_timeout（checkpoint发生的时间间隔）

3、instance recovery相关视图
v$instance_recovery（相关信息汇总）
v$fast_start_servers（相关slaves进程信息）
v$fast_start_transactions（相关回滚事务信息）

4、恢复时的进程并发数
recovery_parallelism（前滚）可选值为int
fast_start_parallel_rollback（回滚）可选值为string类型：high/low/false