Oracle直方图理解与实验

一.Oracle中直方图的作用
直方图是一种对被管理对象某一方面质量进行管理的描述工具,那么在Oracle中自然它也是对Oracle中某个对象质量的描述工具,这个对象就是Oracle中最重要的东西——“数据”。
在Oracle中直方图是一种对数据分布质量情况进行描述的工具。它会按照某一列不同值出现数量多少,以及出现的频率高低来绘制数据的分布情况,以便能够指导优化器根据数据的分布做出正确的选择。在某些情况下,表的列中的数值分布将会影响优化器使用索引还是执行全表扫描的决策。当 where 子句的值具有不成比例数量的数值时,将出现这种情况,使得全表扫描比索引访问的成本更低。这种情况下如果where 子句的过滤谓词列之上上有一个合理的正确的直方图,将会对优化器做出正确的选择发挥巨大的作用,使得SQL语句执行成本最低从而提升性能。

二.Oracle中使用直方图的场合
在分析表或索引时,直方图用于记录数据的分布。通过获得该信息,基于成本的优 化器就可以决定使用将返回少量行的索引,而避免使用基于限制条件返回许多行的索引。直方图的使用不受索引的限制,可以在表的任何列上构建直方图。
构造直方图最主要的原因就是帮助优化器在表中数据严重偏斜时做出更好的规划:例如,如果一到两个值构成了表中的大部分数据(数据偏斜),相关的索引就可能无法帮助减少满足查询所需的I/O数量。创建直方图可以让基于成本的优化器知道何时使用索引才最合适,或何时应该根据WHERE子句中的值返回表中80%的记录。
通常情况下在以下场合中建议使用直方图:
(1)、当Where子句引用了列值分布存在明显偏差的列时:当这种偏差相当明显时,以至于 WHERE 子句中的值将会使优化器选择不同的执行计划。这时应该使用直方图来帮助优化器来修正执行路径。(注意:如果查询不引用该列,则创建直方图没有意义。这种错误很常见,许多 DBA 会在偏差列上创建柱状图,即使没有任何查询引用该列。)

(2)、当列值导致不正确的判断时:这种情况通常会发生在多表连接时,例如,假设我们有一个五项的表联接,其结果集只有 10 行。Oracle 将会以一种使第一个联接的结果集(集合基数)尽可能小的方式将表联接起来。通过在中间结果集中携带更少的负载,查询将会运行得更快。为了使中间结果最小化,优化器尝试在 SQL 执行的分析阶段评估每个结果集的集合基数。在偏差的列上拥有直方图将会极大地帮助优化器作出正确的决策。如优化器对中间结果集的大小作出不正确的判断,它可能会选择一种未达到最优化的表联接方法。因此向该列添加直方图经常会向优化器提供使用最佳联接方法所需的信息。

三.Oracle直方图的种类
Oracle利用直方图来提高非均匀数据分布的选择率和技术的计算精度。但是实际上Oracle会采用另种不同的策略来生成直方图:其中一种是针对包含很少不同值的数据集;另一种是针对包含很多不同的数据集。Oracle会针对第一种情况生成频率直方图,针对第二种情况生成高度均衡直方图。通常情况下当BUCTET < 表的NUM_DISTINCT值得到的是HEIGHT BALANCED(高度平衡)直方图,而当BUCTET > 表的NUM_DISTINCT值的时候得到的是FREQUENCY(频率)直方图

四、试验证明(有直方图执行计划更加准确)

SQL> create table t_xff
  2  as select * from dba_objects;
 
Table created
 
 
SQL> create index ind_t_xff on t_xff(object_id) online nologging;
 
Index created

SQL> SELECT MAX(object_id),MIN(object_id) FROM t_xff;
 
MAX(OBJECT_ID) MIN(OBJECT_ID)
-------------- --------------
         76800              2

SQL>  UPDATE t_xff SET object_id=1000 WHERE object_id>100 AND object_id<76000;
 
72965 rows updated
 
SQL> commit;
 
Commit complete
 
SQL> 
SQL>   BEGIN
  2      DBMS_stats.gather_table_stats(cascade => TRUE,degree => 2
  3      ,estimate_percent => 100,force => TRUE,ownname => USER,tabname => 'T_XFF');
  4   END;
  5  /
 
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

SQL> SELECT * FROM user_histograms WHERE table_name='T_XFF' AND column_name='OBJECT_ID';
TABLE COLUMN_NAM ENDPOINT_NUMBER ENDPOINT_VALUE ENDPOINT_A
----- ---------- --------------- -------------- ----------
T_XFF OBJECT_ID            1          2
T_XFF OBJECT_ID            2          3
……
T_XFF OBJECT_ID            73205          76789
T_XFF OBJECT_ID            73206          76800

SQL>   SELECT COLUMN_NAME,HISTOGRAM FROM USER_TAB_COLS WHERE TABLE_NAME='T_XFF' AND column_name='OBJECT_ID';
 
COLUMN_NAME                    HISTOGRAM
------------------------------ ---------------
OBJECT_ID                      FREQUENCY
--在gather_table_stats方法中,默认的method_opt值为:FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE AUTO,所以也是会收集直方图的统计信息(和oracle版本相关)
--注意:ENDPOINT_NUMBER ,ENDPOINT_VALUE 的分布情况

SQL> set autot trace exp stat
SQL> select object_name from t_xff where object_id=100;


执行计划
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2950241517

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation                   | Name      | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |           |     1 |    29 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |

|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T_XFF     |     1 |    29 |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |

|*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IND_T_XFF |     1 |       |     1   (0)| 00:00:01 |

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("OBJECT_ID"=100)


统计信息
----------------------------------------------------------
          1  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
          4  consistent gets
          0  physical reads
          0  redo size
        432  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        416  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
          1  rows processed

SQL> select object_name from t_xff where object_id=1000;

已选择72965行。


执行计划
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 667573674

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation         | Name  | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |       | 72965 |  2066K|   292   (1)| 00:00:04 |
|*  1 |  TABLE ACCESS FULL| T_XFF | 72965 |  2066K|   292   (1)| 00:00:04 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   1 - filter("OBJECT_ID"=1000)


统计信息
----------------------------------------------------------
          1  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
       5833  consistent gets
         16  physical reads
          0  redo size
    2487154  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
      53920  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
       4866  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
      72965  rows processed
--观察发现,因为有直方图的存在,oracle会只能的选择使用index或者全表扫描


SQL>   BEGIN
  2      DBMS_stats.gather_table_stats(cascade => TRUE,degree => 2
  3      ,estimate_percent => 100,force => TRUE,ownname => USER,tabname => 'T_XFF',method_opt => 'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 1');
  4   END;
  5  /
 
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
--删除直方图,设置method_opt:FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 1即可

SQL>  SELECT * FROM user_histograms WHERE table_name='T_XFF' AND column_name='OBJECT_ID';

TABLE COLUMN_NAM ENDPOINT_NUMBER ENDPOINT_VALUE ENDPOINT_A
----- ---------- --------------- -------------- ----------
T_XFF OBJECT_ID                0              2
T_XFF OBJECT_ID                1          76800

SQL> SELECT COLUMN_NAME,HISTOGRAM FROM USER_TAB_COLS WHERE TABLE_NAME='T_XFF' AND column_name='OBJECT_ID';
 
COLUMN_NAME                    HISTOGRAM
------------------------------ ---------------
OBJECT_ID                      NONE

SQL> select object_name from t_xff where object_id=100;


执行计划
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2950241517

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation                   | Name      | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |           |   303 |  8787 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |

|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T_XFF     |   303 |  8787 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |

|*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IND_T_XFF |   303 |       |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("OBJECT_ID"=100)


统计信息
----------------------------------------------------------
          0  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
          4  consistent gets
          0  physical reads
          0  redo size
        432  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
        415  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
          2  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
          1  rows processed

SQL> select object_name from t_xff where object_id=1000;

已选择72965行。


执行计划
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2950241517

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                   | Name      | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT            |           |   303 |  8787 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |

|   1 |  TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T_XFF     |   303 |  8787 |     7   (0)| 00:00:01 |

|*  2 |   INDEX RANGE SCAN          | IND_T_XFF |   303 |       |     2   (0)| 00:00:01 |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - access("OBJECT_ID"=1000)


统计信息
----------------------------------------------------------
          0  recursive calls
          0  db block gets
       5833  consistent gets
          0  physical reads
          0  redo size
    2487154  bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
      53919  bytes received via SQL*Net from client
       4866  SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
          0  sorts (memory)
          0  sorts (disk)
      72965  rows processed
--没有了直方图,oracle傻瓜的选择也使用index
--虽然两次逻辑读一样,但是全表扫描涉及到一次可以读多块,但是index扫描一次只能读一个数据块

DBMS_STATS比较复杂参数

method_opt
Accepts:
FOR ALL [INDEXED | HIDDEN] COLUMNS [size_clause]
FOR COLUMNS [size clause] column|attribute [size_clause] [,column|attribute [size_clause]…]
size_clause is defined as size_clause := SIZE {integer | REPEAT | AUTO | SKEWONLY}

– integer : Number of histogram buckets. Must be in the range [1,254].
– REPEAT : Collects histograms only on the columns that already have histograms.
– AUTO : Oracle determines the columns to collect histograms based on data distribution and the workload of the columns.
– SKEWONLY : Oracle determines the columns to collect histograms based on the data distribution of the columns.

举例说明:
method_opt => ‘FOR COLUMNS size 254 object_id’ 收集objct_id列直方图
method_opt => ‘FOR COLUMNS size 1 object_id’ 删除object_id列直方图
method_opt => ‘for all columns size repeat’ 重新分析现有直方图
method_opt => ‘for all columns size auto’ oracle决定收集哪些列的直方图(需要设置table monitoring)
method_opt => ‘for all columns size skewonly’ oracle分析所有列的分布情况,生成直方图
method_opt => ‘FOR COLUMNS object_id size SKEWONLY’ 收集object_id列分布情况,生成直方图
method_opt => ‘FOR all INDEXED COLUMNS size SKEWONLY’ 收集index列分布情况,并生成直方图

granularity
Granularity of statistics to collect (only pertinent if the table is partitioned).
‘ALL’ – gathers all (subpartition, partition, and global) statistics
‘AUTO’- determines the granularity based on the partitioning type. This is the default value.
‘DEFAULT’ – gathers global and partition-level statistics. This option is obsolete, and while currently supported, it is included in the documentation for legacy reasons only. You should use the ‘GLOBAL AND PARTITION’ for this functionality. Note that the default value is now ‘AUTO’.
‘GLOBAL’ – gathers global statistics
‘GLOBAL AND PARTITION’ – gathers the global and partition level statistics. No subpartition level statistics are gathered even if it is a composite partitioned object.
‘PARTITION ‘- gathers partition-level statistics
‘SUBPARTITION’ – gathers subpartition-level statistics.

options
Further specification of which objects to gather statistics for:
GATHER: Gathers statistics on all objects in the schema.
GATHER AUTO: Gathers all necessary statistics automatically. Oracle implicitly determines which objects need new statistics, and determines how to gather those statistics. When GATHER AUTO is specified, the only additional valid parameters are ownname, stattab, statid, objlist and statown; all other parameter settings are ignored. Returns a list of processed objects.
GATHER STALE: Gathers statistics on stale objects as determined by looking at the *_tab_modifications views. Also, return a list of objects found to be stale.
GATHER EMPTY: Gathers statistics on objects which currently have no statistics. also, return a list of objects found to have no statistics.
LIST AUTO: Returns a list of objects to be processed with GATHER AUTO.
LIST STALE: Returns list of stale objects as determined by looking at the *_tab_modifications views.
LIST EMPTY: Returns list of objects which currently have no statistics.

BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS

在有些执行计划中,可以会看到 BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS这样的东东,也许你会感觉奇怪,我没有使用位图索引怎么出现了bitmap。
我通过一个sql和大家分析下原因:
sql语句为:

SELECT *
  FROM (SELECT a.*, ROWNUM rn
          FROM (  SELECT module_no, MAX (id) AS id
                    FROM vasoa.tab_moa_historypage t
                   WHERE t.company_id = :1 AND t.user_id = :2 AND t.TYPE = :3
                GROUP BY module_no
                ORDER BY id DESC) a
         WHERE ROWNUM <= :4) b
WHERE b.rn >= :5

执行计划为:

表结构为:

目前索引情况:

通过观察执行计划的图片可以发现,使用了 BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS,其目的是:.oracle将btree索引中获得的rowid信息通过BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS的步骤转换成bitmap进行匹配,然后匹配完成后通过BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS再转换出rowid获得数据或者回表获得数据。这种想象出现的原因为:oracle的cbo是根据cost来决定大小来选择合适的执行计划,当它计算获得通过bitmap的方式执行的时候cost会更小,它就会选择使用这样的执行计划。一般出现这样的情况,都是因为对表建立的不适当的index导致,特别是对表中的唯一度不高的列建立了index,然后oracle就有可能选择两个这样的列转为为bitmap来执行。根据oracle的执行计划,肯定是cost最小的,但是它很多时候忽略了一致性读等其他条件,导致这个执行计划并非像oracle想象的那样最优,因为把btree index转为为bitmap index执行,需要消耗更多的cpu,特别是在cpu比较紧张的系统中,所以这样的情况如果发生在oltp系统中,一般都需要解决。
本例的解决办法是删除唯一度低的index,建立组合index。分别删除COMPANY_ID与USER_ID上的index,建立COMPANY_ID和USER_ID的组合index,执行计划如下:

bbed 修改datafile header

SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  236000356 bytes
Fixed Size                   451684 bytes
Variable Size             201326592 bytes
Database Buffers           33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers                 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01113: file 2 needs media recovery
ORA-01110: data file 2: '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf'
提示数据文件2需要恢复,首选是recover datafile 2;,如果失败,可以考虑bbed修改scn的办法

SQL> select file#,to_char(checkpoint_change#,'999999999999') from v$datafile;

     FILE# TO_CHAR(CHECK
---------- -------------
         1  107374278108
         2  107374278108
         3  107374278108
         4  107374278108
         5  107374278108
         6  107374278108
         7  107374278108
         8  107374278108
         9  107374278108
        10  107374278108
        11  107374278108

11 rows selected.

SQL> select file#,online_status,to_char(change#,'999999999999') from v$recover_file;

     FILE# ONLINE_ TO_CHAR(CHANG
---------- ------- -------------
         2 ONLINE   107374277136

[oracle@localhost tmp]$ bbed parfile=/tmp/parfile.cnf
Password: 

BBED: Release 2.0.0.0.0 - Limited Production on Mon Aug 22 06:05:34 2011

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.

************* !!! For Oracle Internal Use only !!! ***************

BBED> info
 File#  Name                                                        Size(blks)
 -----  ----                                                        ----------
     1  /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/system01.dbf                         1280
     2  /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf                            1280

BBED> set dba 1,1
        DBA             0x00400001 (4194305 1,1)

BBED> p kcvfhckp
struct kcvfhckp, 36 bytes                   @140     
   struct kcvcpscn, 8 bytes                 @140     
*    ub4 kscnbas                           @140      0x000175dc
      ub2 kscnwrp                           @144      0x0019
* ub4 kcvcptim                             @148      0x2d49fbbb
   ub2 kcvcpthr                             @152      0x0001
   union u, 12 bytes                        @156     
      struct kcvcprba, 12 bytes             @156     
         ub4 kcrbaseq                       @156      0x00000005
         ub4 kcrbabno                       @160      0x00008e05
         ub2 kcrbabof                       @164      0x0010
      struct kcvcptr, 12 bytes              @156     
         struct kcrtrscn, 8 bytes           @156     
            ub4 kscnbas                     @156      0x00000005
            ub2 kscnwrp                     @160      0x8e05
         ub4 kcrtrtim                       @164      0x09110010
   ub1 kcvcpetb[0]                          @168      0x02
   ub1 kcvcpetb[1]                          @169      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[2]                          @170      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[3]                          @171      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[4]                          @172      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[5]                          @173      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[6]                          @174      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[7]                          @175      0x00

BBED> p kcvfhcpc
*ub4 kcvfhcpc                                @176      0x0000007a

BBED> p kcvfhccc
*ub4 kcvfhccc                                @184      0x00000079
星号表示使用bbed修改datafile header scn需要考虑的地方

SQL> select to_char(to_number('19000175dc','xxxxxxxxxxxx'),'999999999999') from dual;

TO_CHAR(TO_NU
-------------
 107374278108
证实system01.dbf的scn为107374278108和v$datafile查询到的一致

BBED> set dba 2,1
        DBA             0x00800001 (8388609 2,1)

BBED> p kcvfhckp
struct kcvfhckp, 36 bytes                   @140     
   struct kcvcpscn, 8 bytes                 @140     
      ub4 kscnbas                           @140      0x00017210
      ub2 kscnwrp                           @144      0x0019
   ub4 kcvcptim                             @148      0x2d49fa27
   ub2 kcvcpthr                             @152      0x0001
   union u, 12 bytes                        @156     
      struct kcvcprba, 12 bytes             @156     
         ub4 kcrbaseq                       @156      0x00000005
         ub4 kcrbabno                       @160      0x00006f18
         ub2 kcrbabof                       @164      0x0010
      struct kcvcptr, 12 bytes              @156     
         struct kcrtrscn, 8 bytes           @156     
            ub4 kscnbas                     @156      0x00000005
            ub2 kscnwrp                     @160      0x6f18
         ub4 kcrtrtim                       @164      0x09110010
   ub1 kcvcpetb[0]                          @168      0x02
   ub1 kcvcpetb[1]                          @169      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[2]                          @170      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[3]                          @171      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[4]                          @172      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[5]                          @173      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[6]                          @174      0x00
   ub1 kcvcpetb[7]                          @175      0x00

BBED> p kcvfhcpc
ub4 kcvfhcpc                                @176      0x00000034

BBED> p kcvfhccc
ub4 kcvfhccc                                @184      0x00000033


SQL> select to_char(to_number('1900017210','xxxxxxxxxxxx'),'999999999999') from dual;

TO_CHAR(TO_NU
-------------
 107374277136
和v$recover_file视图中查询出来一致

BBED> set dba 2,1 offset 140
        DBA             0x00800001 (8388609 2,1)
        OFFSET          140

BBED> show 
        FILE#           2
        BLOCK#          1
        OFFSET          140
        DBA             0x00800001 (8388609 2,1)
        FILENAME        /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf
        BIFILE          bifile.bbd
        LISTFILE        /tmp/list
        BLOCKSIZE       8192
        MODE            Edit
        EDIT            Unrecoverable
        IBASE           Dec
        OBASE           Dec
        WIDTH           80
        COUNT           32
        LOGFILE         log.bbd
        SPOOL           No

BBED> m /x dc750100
 File: /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf (2)
 Block: 1                Offsets:  140 to  171           Dba:0x00800001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 dc750100 19000000 27fa492d 01000000 05000000 186f0000 10001109 02000000 

 <32 bytes per line>

BBED> m /x bbfb492d offset 158
 File: /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf (2)
 Block: 1                Offsets:  158 to  189           Dba:0x00800001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 bbfb492d 00001000 11090200 00000000 00003400 00004cc0 492d3300 00000000 

 <32 bytes per line>

BBED> m /x 7a000000 offset 176
 File: /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf (2)
 Block: 1                Offsets:  176 to  207           Dba:0x00800001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 7a000000 4cc0492d 33000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 

 <32 bytes per line>

BBED> m /x 79000000 offset 184
 File: /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf (2)
 Block: 1                Offsets:  184 to  215           Dba:0x00800001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 79000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 

 <32 bytes per line>
注意:p打印出来的值和m修改的值可能不是完全一致(和cpu的计算类型有关,常用的intel cpu中是倒序存储),可以选择先dump正确的相关值,然后m修改
如:p打印出来的值为:80084d1f时,m修改时要为: 1f4d0880

BBED> sum apply dba 2,1
Check value for File 2, Block 1:
current = 0x7ece, required = 0x7ece


SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01109: database not open

Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  236000356 bytes
Fixed Size                   451684 bytes
Variable Size             201326592 bytes
Database Buffers           33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers                 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01122: database file 2 failed verification check
ORA-01110: data file 2: '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf'
ORA-01207: file is more recent than controlfile - old controlfile
提示控制文件太老,需要重建控制文件

SQL> shutdown abort
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> STARTUP NOMOUNT
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "XIFENFEI" NORESETLOGS  ARCHIVELOG
    MAXLOGFILES 50
    MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
    MAXDATAFILES 100
    MAXINSTANCES 1
    MAXLOGHISTORY 226
LOGFILE
  GROUP 1 '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/redo01.log'  SIZE 100M,
  GROUP 2 '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/redo02.log'  SIZE 100M,
  GROUP 3 '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/redo03.log'  SIZE 100M
DATAFILE
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/system01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/cwmlite01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/drsys01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/example01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/indx01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/odm01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/tools01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/users01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xdb01.dbf',
  '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/UNDOTBS01.dbf'
CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK
;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  236000356 bytes
Fixed Size                   451684 bytes
Variable Size             201326592 bytes
Database Buffers           33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers                 667648 bytes
SQL>   2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   
Control file created.

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE TEMP ADD TEMPFILE '/opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/temp01.dbf'
  2       SIZE 32505856  REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 655360  MAXSIZE 32767M;
重建控制文件后,需要添加临时文件

补充说明:
1、datafile 的file header 存储在第一个block里
2、Oracle considers four attributes of this data structure when determining if a datafile is sync with the other data files of the database:(不同oracle版本offset可能不同)
(1)kscnbas (at offset 140) – SCN of last change to the datafile.
(2)kcvcptim (at offset 148) -Time of the last change to the datafile.
(3)kcvfhcpc (at offset 176) – Checkpoint count.
(4)kcvfhccc (at offset 184) – Unknown, but is always 1 less than thecheckpoint point count.
Oracle有4个属性来判断datafile 是否和其他的datafile 一致,如果都一致,可以正常操作,如果不一致,那么会报ORA-01113错误

通过bbed查看数据块结构

BBED> map /v
 File: /opt/oracle/oradata/xifenfei/xff01.dbf (2)
 Block: 530                                   Dba:0x00800212
------------------------------------------------------------
 KTB Data Block (Table/Cluster)

 struct kcbh, 20 bytes                      @0       
    ub1 type_kcbh                           @0       
    ub1 frmt_kcbh                           @1       
    ub1 spare1_kcbh                         @2       
    ub1 spare2_kcbh                         @3       
    ub4 rdba_kcbh                           @4       
    ub4 bas_kcbh                            @8       
    ub2 wrp_kcbh                            @12      
    ub1 seq_kcbh                            @14      
    ub1 flg_kcbh                            @15      
    ub2 chkval_kcbh                         @16      
    ub2 spare3_kcbh                         @18      

 struct ktbbh, 72 bytes                     @20      
    ub1 ktbbhtyp                            @20      
    union ktbbhsid, 4 bytes                 @24      
    struct ktbbhcsc, 8 bytes                @28      
    b2 ktbbhict                             @36      
    ub1 ktbbhflg                            @38      
    ub1 ktbbhfsl                            @39      
    ub4 ktbbhfnx                            @40      
    struct ktbbhitl[2], 48 bytes            @44      

 struct kdbh, 14 bytes                      @92      
    ub1 kdbhflag                            @92      
    b1 kdbhntab                             @93      
    b2 kdbhnrow                             @94      
    sb2 kdbhfrre                            @96      
    sb2 kdbhfsbo                            @98      
    sb2 kdbhfseo                            @100     
    b2 kdbhavsp                             @102     
    b2 kdbhtosp                             @104     

 struct kdbt[1], 4 bytes                    @106     
    b2 kdbtoffs                             @106     
    b2 kdbtnrow                             @108     

 sb2 kdbr[101]                              @110     

 ub1 freespace[4270]                        @312     

 ub1 rowdata[3606]                          @4582    

 ub4 tailchk                                @8188    


BBED> 


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////// Block Header Structure,  20 bytes//////////////////////////////////////////
BBED> p kcbh
struct kcbh, 20 bytes                       @0       
    ub1 type_kcbh                           @0    -- Block Type 
                                                  -- 01 - Undo segment header
                                                  -- 02 - Undo data block
                                                  -- 03 - Save undo header
                                                  -- 04 - Save undo data block
                                                  -- 05 - Data segment header  
                                                  -- 06 - Trans data, KTB managed data block(with ITL)
                                                  -- 07 - Temp table data block (no ITL)
                                                  -- 08 - Sort key
                                                  -- 09 - Sort Run
                                                  -- 10 - Segment free list block
                                                  -- 11 - Data file header
    ub1 frmt_kcbh                           @1    -- Block Format 1=Oracle7, 2=Oracle8+   
    ub1 spare1_kcbh                         @2    -- Not used, filler field   
    ub1 spare2_kcbh                         @3    -- Not used, filler field   
    ub4 rdba_kcbh                           @4    -- RDBA (4 bytes) - Relative Data Block Address   
    ub4 bas_kcbh                            @8    -- SCN Base (4 bytes)  
    ub2 wrp_kcbh                            @12   -- SCN Wrap (2 bytes)   
    ub1 seq_kcbh                            @14   -- Sequence Number, incremented for every change made to the block at the same SCN    
    ub1 flg_kcbh                            @15   -- Flag:   
                                                  -- 0x01 New Block
                                                  -- 0x02 Delayed Logging Chang advanced SCN/seq 
                                                  -- 0x04 Check value saved - block XOR's to Zero
                                                  -- 0x08 Temporary block
    ub2 chkval_kcbh                         @16   -- Optional block checksum (if DB_BLOCK_CHECKSUM=TRUE)   
    ub2 spare3_kcbh                         @18   -- Not used, filler field  
 
 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////Transaction Fixed Header Structure, 72 Bytes////////////////////////////////////
BBED> p ktbbh
 struct ktbbh, 72 bytes                     @20      
    ub1 ktbbhtyp                            @20     -- Block type (1=DATA, 2=INDEX) 
    union ktbbhsid, 4 bytes                 @24     -- Segment/Object ID
    struct ktbbhcsc, 8 bytes                @28     -- SCN at last block cleanout 
    b2 ktbbhict                             @36     -- Number of ITL slots 
    ub1 ktbbhflg                            @38     -- 0=on the freelist 
    ub1 ktbbhfsl                            @39     -- ITL TX freelist slot 
    ub4 ktbbhfnx                            @40     -- DBA of next block on the freelist 
    struct ktbbhitl[2], 48 bytes            @44     -- ITL list index, each ITL takes up 24 bytes 

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////Data Header Structure, 14 bytes////////////////////////////////////////////
BBED> p kdbh
 struct kdbh, 14 bytes                      @100     
    ub1 kdbhflag                            @100    -- N=pctfree hit(clusters)
                                                    -- F=do not put on freelist
                                                    -- K=flushable cluster keys 
    b1 kdbhntab                             @101    -- Number of tables (>1 in clusters) 
    b2 kdbhnrow                             @102    -- Number of rows (2 bytes)
    sb2 kdbhfrre                            @104    -- First free row entry index; -1=you have to add one 
    sb2 kdbhfsbo                            @106    -- Freespace begin offset 
    sb2 kdbhfseo                            @108    -- Freespace end offset 
    b2 kdbhavsp                             @110    -- Available space in the block 
    b2 kdbhtosp                             @112    -- Total available space when all TXs commit 

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////////////Table Directory Entry Structure, 4 bytes///////////////////////////
BBED> p kdbt
 struct kdbt[1], 4 bytes                    @114     
    b2 kdbtoffs                             @114     
    b2 kdbtnrow                             @116     

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////// Row Directory ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
BBED> p kdbr[100]
 sb2 kdbr[100]                                @310     


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////// Free Space ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
BBED> p freespace[4269]
 ub1 freespace[4269]                        @4581     

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////////////Row Data//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
BBED> p rowdata[3605]
ub1 rowdata[3605]                           @8187     0x00   
 
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////////////Block Tail Check, 4 bytes////////////////////////////////////////
BBED> p tailchk
ub4 tailchk                                 @8188     0x24500601  

说明事宜:
1、tailchk=Lower order two bytes of SCN Base(bas_kcbh) + Block Type(type_kcbh) + SCN Seq(seq_kcbh)
2、块的scn为:scn=wrp_kcbh+bas_kcbh
求scn语句:select to_char(to_number(‘scn’,’xxxxxxxxxx’),’999999999999′) from dual;
3、dba求文件号,块号为:

set serveroutput on
declare
   p_dba   VARCHAR2 (255) :='0x00800212';
   l_str   VARCHAR2 (255) DEFAULT NULL;
BEGIN
    l_str :=
         'datafile# is:'
      || DBMS_UTILITY.data_block_address_file (TO_NUMBER (LTRIM (p_dba, '0x'),'xxxxxxxx'))
      || chr(10)||'datablock is:'
      || DBMS_UTILITY.data_block_address_block (TO_NUMBER (LTRIM (p_dba, '0x'),'xxxxxxxx'));
   dbms_output.put_line(l_str);
END;